One result of the Treaty at Kiel of 14th
January 1814, was that
Denmark should give up its right to Norway in favour of Sweden.
Napoleon
was defeated at Leipzig in October 1813, and Denmark-Norway had been on
the French side. Sweden, which had on its own part just lost Finland to
Russia, was on the Allied side, and its wish for new land was
listened to.
Although
there was no visible opposition against the more than 400 years old
Danish rule in Norway, the new
situation cleared room for national ideas. During the winter and spring
of 1814, the Danish prince Christian Frederik, originally the
Danish-Norwegian king's representative in Norway, took a leading role
in
the forming of the February 1814 "Notabelmøte", an assembly of
men of position. He gained support for his ideas of a Norwegian
constitution. 112 representatives met at Eidsvoll on 10th April 1814,
and the Constitution which is still in use today, was
declared on May 17th. The prince himself was elected king of
Norway, under the name of Kristian Fredrik.
Charles-Jean
Bernadotte, French of origin, newly elected crown prince of Sweden and
earlier one of
Napoleon's generals, claimed Sweden's right to Norway. On 30th July
1814 the first Swedish soldiers crossed the
Norwegian border. Several battles were fought, overall in Swedish
favour, and on 9th August the forces clashed at Langnes at the river
Glomma, close to the town of Askim. On the Norwegian side stood
colonel Hegermann with two battalions of Opplandske Regiment, three
divisions of Valdreske Rifles / Skarpskyttere and a battery of eight
cannons, among those four
on the Battery Hill. On the Swedish side, general Vegesack and
lieutenant-colonel
Cederström stood with soldiers from Vestgöta and
Värmland's Regiments. In
short, the Norwegians fought back four Swedish
attacks, and as an isolated event one may declare Norwegian victory in
this last, large battle between the two nations. However, on king
Kristian Fredrik's orders, the Norwegians left their positions, and
peace talks resulting in the
so-called Convention at Moss followed on 14th August. A union with
Sweden was a reality, ending only in 1905.
The
main and lasting political result of the 1814 events was the fact that
Norway could keep its new Constitution. Probably, the Swedish
negotiators at Moss did not fully foresee the long term consequences of
accepting Norway's
demand, and there is a direct line between the events in 1814 and the
final breaking up of the Norwegian-Swedish union in 1905. The
Constitution pawed way for a relatively free Government and, more
important, a Parliament with an even larger degree of freedom, and the
two nations developed
along their separate paths.
To the right: Norwegian flags since 1814; in the foreground the Danish
flag with the Norwegian Lion; the Swedish flag with Danish (or
Norwegian) colours; the so-called "herring sallad" with the new
Norwegian flag in red, blue and white with Swedish & Norwegian
colours in top corner; and at the very back, the clean Norwegian flag
since 1905. From The Defence Museum at Akershus, Oslo. Photo by C B
Høgenhoff.