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DESCENDANTS CHART.

BEGINNING OF SCANDINAVIAN GENEALOGY.

The "dvt-Atlas, ISBN-13: 978-3-423-08598-4 and ISBN-10: 3-423-08598-3", mentions four ice-ages:

    (Numbers are in million years.)
    1.1 600-540, Ice age.
    1.2 540-480, Temperate age. Time span is 120 million years..
    2.1 480-430, Ice age.
    2.2 430-240, Temperate age. Time span is 240 million years.
    3.1 240-180, Ice age.
    3.2 180-120, Temperate age. Time span is 120 million years.
    4.1 120-10, Ice age. Time span is 110 million years.

    The Post-Ice-Age follows and includes our present temperate age.


The ice drove the north European populations back to the south of the Alps.
When the ice retreated the three groups of humans moved north.


    Haplogroup R1b is common on the west Atlantic coast as far as Scotland.
    Haplogroup I is common across central Europe and up into Scandinavia.
    Haplogroup R1a is common in eastern Europe and spread also into central Asia, India and Pakistan.
    The three Haplogroups account for ca. 80 % of Europe's present-day population.

The oldest known settlements run back ca. 12 000 years,
i.e. to ca. 10 000 BC.
In Swedish Bohuslen, which was part of Norway before AD 1658, settlements have been found dating back to ca. 10 000 BC. Little is known about those people except that north Europeans followed the reindeer, which followed the receding ice edge northwards.

Old period from ca. 2000 BC to 50 BC.
In Borre, Vestfold, Norway, a number of burial mounds were discovered in the Eik forest on the banks of the Oslofjord.
The mounds are assumed to date back to the period from ca. 1500 BC to ca. 500 BC. The tribes who lived in this area fishing, hunting and farming are unknown. Perhaps were they part of a Proto-Germanic tribe.
However. It is assumed that during the Northern Bronce Age Germanic peoples centered in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia flourished there between ca. 1700 BC and ca. 450 BC.
Solid historical information begins ca. 50 BC when Julius Caesar's Gallic wars brought him in contact with Germans and Celts.

Period without known history.
Peculiarly little information is known from ca. 500 BC to ca. 50 BC.

Period with mythology growing gradually into historical knowledge.
From ca. 2000 BC it is assumed that Germanic tribes lived in southern Scandinavia and around the Oslofjord.

My source for the next part of the history is; "The Barbarian Invasions of the Roman Empire, Volume 1, The Visigothic Invasion, Chapter 1, The Early History of the Goths, by Thomas Hodgkin, 1880 - 2001":
Trade was taking place between the civilized world and the Goths of the North. This trade was carried on for many centuries and never really stopped.
Perhaps the exchange of goods between the Euxinus and the Baltic including the South of Scandinavia was already taking place at 1300 BC and on.
I've understood that the Rune-letters were developed because of this trade on the Euxinus (Black Sea) by the Goths from Greek letters. The Rune spread northwards with the trade.

It seems that parts of this northern tribe migrated around 0200 BC to the Black sea area on the borders to Sarmatia.
From ca. 0100 BC the history seems to be gradually better recorded until our own time, but first from Greek and Roman history writers. Next from Snorre Sturluson ca. 1200.

An alliance the Sarmatians formed with the Germanic tribes posed a formidable threat to the Romans.
A conflict gradually developed between them and the expanding Roman Empire.

In 0063 BC the situation erupted when the tough, young Roman general Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, 0106 BC - 0048 BC, defeated king Mithradates VI of Pontos and the Bosporan kingdom, made Syria into a Roman province and forced Odin and his Germanic barbarians to clear out of the area before 0063 BC or enter into servitude.
Odin and his tribe chose to make it back to Uppsala, Sweden, where the Goths already were established.

Comments by Mr. Edward Gibbon in his book History of the decline and fall of the Roman Empire published in AD 1776.
"The native and proper habitation of Odin is distinguished by the appellation of As-gard. It is supposed that Odin was the chief of a tribe of barbarians which dwelt on the banks of lake Maeotis (Sea of Azov) til the fall of Mithradates VI and the arms of Gnaeus Pompeius menaced the north with servitude. That Odin, yielding, with indignant fury to a power which he was unable to resist, conducted his tribe from the frontiers of Asiatic Sarmatia and into Sweden.

According to the obvious sense of the Edda, and the interpretation of the most skilful critics, As-gard, instead of denoting the real city of the Asiatic Sarmatia, is the fictitious appellation of the mystic abode of the gods, the Olympus of Scandinavia: from whence the profet was supposed to descend, when he announced his new religion to the Gothic nations, who were already seated in the southern parts of Sweden."

Also. It is said that the only way to travel to As-gard is to go by the rainbow.

Mr. Snorre Sturluson expressed himself thus in (AD 1174 - AD 1241):
It is assumed that the Gothic tribespeople operated over a large area covering the Pontus, Great Svitjod (Scytia Magna) across to the Baltic Sea and southern Scandinavia. Odin had his headquarter at As-gard (Aasgard) on the banks of Maeotis and next to the frontier to Sarmatia.
The northwestern part of Svitjod they called Gardarike. The capital was Holmgard, now Novgorod in Russia. Uppsala was the capital in Sweden.

KINGS WHO TURNED EUROPEAN.

The line for Earl Ragnvald Oysteinson of More, Norway.

27-1: Ivar Halvdansson Earl of Oppland, Norway AD 0760-AD 0810.

28-1: Oystein Glumra Ivarsson, More, Norway, AD 0790-AD 0860.

29-1: Earl Ragnvald Oysteinsson, More, Norway, AD 0818-AD0892.

30-1-1: Duke Rolf Ragnvaldson (Rollo) of Normandie, France AD 0855-AD0932,

30-1-2: Duke Torv Einar Ragnvaldsson of Orkney.

31-1-1: Duke Wilhelm Long Epee of Normandie, AD 0890-AD 0960.

31-1-2: Duke Torfinn Torv Einarsson of Orkney.

32-1-1: Duke Richard I of Normandie.

32-1-2: Duke Loddve Torfinnson the Skull Splitter of Orkney.

33-1-1: Duke Richard II of Normandie.

33-1-2: Duke Sigurd Loddveson Digre (the Stout), Wife Audna or Olith Daughter of Malcolm II of Scotland. AD 0950-AD 1014.

34-1-1-1: Duchess Eleonore of Normandie, Husband Baldwin IV of Flandre.

34-1-1-2: Duke Robert III the Devil of Normandie, Wife Anette the Tanners Daughter.

34-1-2: Ingebjorg Finndaughter Austraat of Orkney AD 1020-AD 1068, Husband 1 Earl Torfinn Sigurdsson of OrkneyAD 1000-AD 1064, Husband 2 Malcolm III AD 1031-AD 1093.

35-1-1-1: Judith of Flandre AD 1033-AD 1093, and Herzog Welf IV von Baiern.

35-1-1-2: William the Conqueror, AD1027-AD 1087.

35-1-2-1: Duncan II with parent 2.

35-1-2-2: Paul Torfinnson Earl of Orkney, AD 1020-AD 1098., Wife Sunniva Haakonsdaughter.

36-1-1-1-2:Heinrich der Schwarze von Baiern.

I can recommend that you open this interesting link to read about the English Kings and Rulers from AD 871 to AD 1087. This is the period of viking influence.

KINGS WHO STAID IN NORWAY .

The Harald Fairhair Line.

27-2: Gudroed Halvdansson, Veide-king of Vestfold, Norway ca AD 760.
He is buried in Borre National Park, Vestfold. (Oystein Halvdanson and Halvdan Oysteinson are buried in the same park and each got his own mound.)
Gudroed was first married to Alfhild Alfarindaughter. When Alfhild died Gudroed sent his men to Harald Redbeard of Agder because Gudroed wished to marry his daughter Aasa.
Harald Redbeard had said no! Gudroeds men surprised Harald Redbeard and there was a great battle.
King Harald Redbeard and his son Gyrd fell.

King Gudroed carried Aasa Haraldsdaughter away with him and married her.

They had a son together and they called him Halvdan the Black because he had black hair.

When Halvdan the Black was one year old Aasa sent her page-boy to revenge the murder of her father and brother.
The page-boy killed Gudroed who was onboard his ship, instantly with a spear.

Aasa is believed to be the woman found buried in the Oseberg viking ship together with a slave girl.
(Some persons disagree, anticipating that it might be Alfhild Alfarinsdaughter who is buried there, or Sigrid Sigurdsdaughter, who was Gudroeds wife at the time of his murder )

The Oseberg ship was excavated in 1904 in Slagen, Vestfold, Norway.
The ship and articles found on board are on display in Oslo, Norway.

Aasa became the "mother" of the Norwegian Dynasties of kings following her from ca. AD 0760 to ca. AD 1280.
At this point the Norwegian dynasties had been pretty well exhausted. The Black Death of AD 1349 gave the Danes an initiative to grab the royal power in Norway. (Please see enhancement no. 2 that follows.)

28-2: Halvdan Gudroedsson Svarte, Vestfold, Ringerike, Norway, AD ca. 0840, Wife Ragnhild Sigurdsdaughter of Vestfold.

29-2: King Harald Halvdanson Fairhair, Norway AD 0865-AD 0936, Wife No. 1) Snefrid Svaasesdaughter; Wife No. 2) Aasa Haakonsdaughter.

30-2-1: Sigurd Haraldson Rise, Norway ca. AD 0840, with wife No. 1 - Snefrid.

30-2-2: Bjorn Farmann, with wife No. 2 - Aasa.

31-2-1: Halvdan Sigurdson Rise, Norway,

31-2-2: Gudroed Bjornson

32-2-1: Sigurd Halvdanson Syr, Stein on Ringerike, Norway, Wife Aasta Gudbrandsdaughter.

32-2-2: Harald Grenske, Wife Aasta Gudbrandsdaughter.

33-2-1: Harald III Sigurdson Hardraade, Norway, AD 1015-AD 1066, Wife Tora Torbergsdaughter.
Harald III Hardraade was actively engaged in north European and Scandinavian activities.
Great changes took place politically and geologically in his time. He has been given credits for being one of those who established Oslo, Norway, as a new trade center.
Earlier trade centers existed like Bergen, Kaupang, Lade in Norway and Birka, Uppsala, Gotland in Sweden.

A sinking water level (the land rose) was one reason for all the changes. The land rose ca. 3 to 5 meters during this period because the weight of the old ice sheet that covered the land ca. 8000 years earlier, was gone and allowed the ground to float gradually higher up on the underlying soft strata.
Going back 10 000 years, the ice sheet weighed the land down by 210 meters as measured on today's beach-lines (strand lines). When the ice sheet had melted down, the land rose gradually first by 130 m; next by 75 m; then 60 m ; 30 m ; 9 m; and today by 0.1 to -0.1 meters. Because of global temperature increases nowadays the sea water expands and the water grows slightly higher up on the beaches. (the strand).

One effect of many; the fjords and lakes got shallower.

33-2-2: Olav the Holy (Den Hellige), Wife Queen Astrid who was daughter outside of marriage of Olav Skjotkonung of Sweden.
Olav the Holy has been given credit for converting Norwegians into Christians about AD 1030, although some claims that Norwegians never became Christianized. I've read that Christian people lived in southeastern Norway as early as AD 0600.
The women were free individuals before becoming Christianized and thereafter she became the subject of her husband. In modern Norway some Christian sects teach that women, dogs and cats shall obey their man.
SOME COMMENTS: I don't know much about religion, but the change from Germanic religion to Christianity during the AD 997 to AD 1030 must have been a big change causing deep seated resistance.
In ancient times the Germanic culture extended from the Black Sea across central Europe and Scandinavia to Iceland and Greenland.
At the time when Scandinavia was converted to Christianity, a lot of ancient mythology and religion were still surviving in northern Europe. The conversion to Christianity that had taken place from AD 400 and on in Europe, had been hard and had eradicated the ancient religions there.
In the ancient Germanic society the women had a solid independent standing and status.

Christian religion has its roots back to the Garden of Eden where Adam and Eve, being both free, ate of the forbidden fruit and got the expulsion.
The consequence was an adversely change in their economy and in Eve's status. Now they had to "eat bread in the sweat of their brow".
With their new status God told Eve that "Adam shall rule over you". That caused women to lose their status of being free. The loss of freedom is still a reality in many quarters. (Reference to Genesis from 2:16 to 3:17.)

Giving a political view to the conversion from ancient mythology to Christianity, it seems to me that the "scene" in northern Europe must have shifted abruptly from the established cultures in "Scythia Magna" to the established cultures of the "Middle East".
To the people of northern Europe the ancient Germanic religion was as much of a "fairy tale", as the unfamiliar Christian religion was and still is.
However. Women and men were free to believe what they wanted concerning the ancient Germanic religion.
One was burnt at the stake if one didn't comply with the Christian religion.

According to The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, then "the story of the Garden of Eden is a theological use of mythological themes to explain human progression from a state of innocence and bliss to the present human condition of knowledge of sin, misery, and death."
Today in year AD 2003, it seems to me that we have to cope with three Garden of Eden Themes: Judaism, Islam, and Christianity, and the problems these three generate. The Themes are discriminating in nature by excluding one half of the human population from participating fully in this world's actvities.

34-2-1: Olav III Haraldson Kyrre, Norway, Wife Tora Ragnvaldsdaughter. Olav III founded the City of Bergen ca. AD 1070.
Some people say this is wrong and that it was the Stockfish that founded Bergen, the city on the green, grassy turf between the seven mountains and at the end of a calm bay.

34-2-2-1: Magnus Olavsson the Good.

34-2-2-2: Ulfhild Olavsdaughter, Husband Herzog Ordulf von Sachsen.

35-2-1: Magnus III Olavsson Barefoot, Norway, (because he wore kilts when in Ireland and Scotland), Wife Irish Lady. AD 1073-AD 1103.

36-2-1: Harald IV Magnusson Gyllechrist, Norway, Wife Ingrid Ragnvaldsdtr.
A period of unrest that could as well be called civil war followed for years to come.

37-2-1: Sigurd Munn. Wife Gunnhild from Bergen, Norway.

38-2-1: Sverre Sigurdsson, Norway, Regent AD 1177-1202.

39-2-1: Haakon 3 Sverresson. Norway, Wife Inga Varteig. Regent AD 1202-1204

40-2-1: Haakon 4 Haakonsson, Norway, Wife Margrethe Skulesdaughter. Regent AD 1217 1263.

41-2-1: Magnus 6 Lagaboeter, Norway, Wife Ingeborg Eriksdaughter Plovpenning of Denmark. Regent AD 1263-1280.
He did his best to mend and give a structure to Norwegian laws following a more or less lawless period.

Magnus 6 was actually the last "Dynasty king" following Aasa Gudrodsson of AD 760. The following kings turned out to be Swedish and a Danish Queen, which turned into a disaster on the part of Norway.

NOTES
The history of Law Code is quite old.
The oldest evidence of Law Code is tablets from archives of Ebla, Syria.(now Tell Mardikh).
This Law Code dates back to ca. 2400 BC.
Another Law Code that has been found, are from Hammurabi of Babylon dated ca. 1800 BC and found in 1902.
Legal records in the Roman Empire began about the 5th century BC.
Emperor Justinian (AD 483 - 565) made a Law Code "the Code of Justinian" about AD ca. 532. Justinian was also responsible for the "Hagia Sophia" in Constantinople.
Three Germanic tribes made each a Law Code. They are the Burgundians, the Visigoths and the Salian Franks.
1. The Salic Law Code was issued at ca. AD 507.
2. In Norway the Gulating Law Code was issued before AD 930.
3. Magnus the Lawmender's code was issued ca. AD 1238, and were used for about 400 years in Norway .
The old Law Code should cover three functions:
a. to let men pursue their traditional tasks without danger to limb or life, and to suppress brigandage and banditry.
b. to give quick, fair and cheap justice.
c. to impose minimum taxes on incomes and essentials to pay for the justice.

42-2-1: Ingebjorg Magnusdaughter. Husband Count Erik 2 Magnusson of Sweden. His brother Birger, who was king of Sweden, hauled him in jail and had him murdered. Regent AD 1280-1299.

43-2-1: Magnus 7 Eriksson. Wife was Blanca de Namur. Magnus 7 was first elected king of Sweden as Magnus 2, and he inherited a little later Norway from his mother's father- Magnus 6 the Lawmender.
Magnus 7 had to fight off several efforts of dissident Norwegian chiefs and land owners.
Their goal was to get free of the Swedish kingship.
The efforts to establish a Scandinavian union had commenced with Magnus 7. The unions failed and turned later into disasters. Regent AD 1319-1355.
In 1349 the Black Death and later epidemics decimated the population of Norway by ca. 66% in Magnus 7's reign. He tried to get administrative help from Denmark since many administrators had succumbed in Norway. It took Norway until today (ca. 600 years) relative to Denmark and Sweden, to recover from the population-loss.

44-2-1: Haakon 6 Magnusson, Norway, Regent AD 1343-1380 Wife Margrethe Waldemarsdaughter of Denmark, b. AD 1353 and d. 1412.
Haakon 6 Magnusson was in power part of the time simultaneously with Magnus 7 Eriksson. Haakon 6 and Magnus 7 are both assumed to have done a shamefully bad job in limiting the ill effects of the pest in Norway.
The two kings were obviously unable to coordinate and manage some of their efforts. On second thought; May be both of these kings wanted to get the Norwegians out of their way, because the Norwegians simply didn't fit in because Norwegians dissented Magnus 7 Eriksson openly.
It is assumed that both of these kings only were interested in the territory and accompanying resources of Norway.

45-2-1: Olav 4 Haakonsson of Denmark-Norway. Regent AD 1381-1387.
When young Olav 4 died at 17 years in AD 1387 both Denmark and Norway had no king any longer.
His mother Queen Margrethe Waldemarsdaughter used all her skills and managed to be elected Queen of Denmark / Norway and a short while later also of Sweden. Regent from AD 1388-1412 in reality. Queen Margrethe was a very skillful regent.

The Fate of the Norwegian Nobility after AD 1300-1400.
The Norwegian Nobility was from this time gradually forced into peasantry. By the Reformation in AD 1537 the Danes had successfully replaced the Norwegians.
However. The Norwegian Nobility was actually being mobbed from three sides:
a) The Danes. The Danes did not want to have Norwegians in their administration of Denmark-Norway, because the Norwegians were great local patriots and not very friendly towards the Danish king.
b) The Norwegian population. The Norwegians did not want to be pushed around (herset med) by the Norwegian Nobility whom they called "herser". The "herser" were normally undemocratic and deceitful.
c) The Black Death and the loss of population around AD 1349 and the following epidemics were cutting the Norwegians out of office.

The Danes won the fight, but the Norwegian peasantry kept the fight going until AD 1814. Then the Norwegians continued fighting the Swedish king until AD 1905 when the Norwegians won the rights to govern themselves.
From AD 1905 the Norwegian population had to manage on their own. They discovered that it is not easy to administrate a self-sufficient people where each got many strong ideas about every issue coming up in politics and in a country being 2500 km long. Today (2005) the Norwegians got no enemies but themselves.